St. George’s Eve and the Master of Wolves

Russian icon of St. George battling the dragon

Russian icon of St. George battling the dragon

There are many legends and customs associated with the celebration of St. George’s Day on April 23 or the night before (St. George’s Eve). One of the most mysterious is that of the Master of the Wolves. On St. George’s Eve a man is wandering in the forest, becomes tired, and climbs into a tree to rest. He falls asleep. When he awakes, he sees the Master of the Wolves below him, who is giving out food to the wolves or werewolves, sometimes sending them in all directions to search for food. The last in line is the Lame Wolf. Since there is no more food, the Master of the Wolves says he can eat the man watching from the tree.

Among part of the southern Slavs (Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians) the legends and beliefs about the Master of the Wolves are also connected with numerous commandments, prohibitions and customs associated into the so-called “wolf holidays”. Legends about some type of Master of the Wolves can also be found in written form among the majority of southern and eastern Slavs, partially also among the Poles, and among the Estonians, the Gagauz in Moldavia, in Latvia, Romania and in an incomplete form even in France. His function, as can be established from the legends and beliefs, is to lead the wolves and determine what they may and may not eat. In some versions of the legend, the Master of Wolves is St. George himself! (For more about the Master of Wolves, read here.)

In the book Dracula, by Bram Stoker, evil things are said to occur on St George’s Day, beginning at midnight. The date of St George’s Day presented in the book, 5 May (on the Western, Gregorian calendar), is St George’s Day as observed by the Eastern Orthodox churches of that era:
“Do you know what day it is?” I answered that it was the fourth of May. She shook her head as she said again: “Oh, yes! I know that, I know that! but do you know what day it is?” On my saying that I did not understand, she went on: “It is the eve of St. George’s Day. Do you not know that tonight, when the clock strikes midnight, all the evil things in the world will have full sway?”(Excerpt from Dracula, 1897)

Fair Ladies and Necromancers

A statue of the Fair Lady of Hungary.

A statue of the Fair Lady of Hungary.

Two infamous figures in Hungarian folklore are sure to appear in one of my novels at some point! The first is the garabonciás – originally it meant “necromancer”, someone who works magic with the assistance of the dead; later in the Medieval Ages the meaning shifted into “the student of black magic”.

The garaboncid is a sort of magician of the Hungarian folk mythology. He mostly resembles the táltos (or shaman) in that the garaboncid is also born with teeth. He has to study at thirteen different schools to receive a magical book, with the help of which he can even fly.

He travels from town to town in a tattered cloak, and knocks on the door of every house, asking for milk and eggs. If the householders say they don’t have any, although they really do, the garaboncid will tell them that he knows they do, and that “you will soon change your mind, but it will be late by then”. As punishment he summons big storms, hailstones, or murmurs a spell from his book, summoning his dragon, which he mounts and rides above the town. The long tail of the dragon sweeps down the housetops and pulls out the trees from the ground. The only way to keep a town safe from the garaboncid is to ring the church bells every day.

The other infamous character is the “Fair Lady,” a beautiful woman who is sometimes kind, sometimes wicked. She’s one of the goddesses of the Hungarian old religion, the Goddess of Love. According to some, a valley in northern Hungary was a sacrificial ground dedicated to the goddess.

The Fair Lady combines the most famous traits of fairies, witches and ghosts: she can be seen wandering outside in the dark after midnight, but mostly she’s invisible; she likes to swap her own evil, deformed-looking children with the newborn babies of townsfolks; according to legend, meeting her is deadly. The Fair Lady meets with other Fair Ladies at night in the church yard, where they dance and clap, and with their beautiful singing voices they lure a man to join them, and then they either dance the unlucky man to death, or take turns having sex with him and kill him by passing on various STDs.

BRIEF NOTE: A new review of When Brothers Dwell In Unity has just arrived. The Midwest Review of Books says that it is “… an exceptionally well-written, organized and presented theological treatise for both academic and non-specialist general readers with an interest in Christian theology, with respect to the LGBT community. … is very highly recommended for both community and academic library Christian Studies reference collections. It should be noted for personal reading lists [as well]….”

Attila the Hun

St. Stephen Monument on Gellert Hill with the Liberty Bridge in the background, Budapest.

St. Stephen Monument on Gellert Hill with the Liberty Bridge in the background, Budapest.

Although the king St. Stephen (pictured above, with the Liberty Bridge and it’s turul birds in the background) was baptized in Prague by the first Archbishop there and is said to have brought Christianity to the Huns and Magyars in the year 1001 A.D., the most famous of the modern Hungarian ancestors is probably Attila the Hun, who rampaged across Europe during 434-453 A.D. He and his army of Huns (a nomadic clan who came west from the area around the Caspian Sea and created an empire under Attila) terrified the peoples of Europe.

Attila himself is said to have claimed the titles “Descendant of the Great Nimrod”, and “King of the Huns, the Goths, the Danes, and the Medes”—the last two peoples being mentioned to show the extent of his control over subject nations even on the peripheries of his domain. Attila reportedly possessed the “Holy War Sword of the Scythians”, which was given to him by Mars and made him a “prince of the entire world”.

By the end of the 12th century the royal court of Hungary proclaimed their descent from Attila. Lampert of Hersfeld’s contemporary chronicles report that shortly before the year 1071, the Sword of Attila had been presented to Otto of Nordheim by the exiled queen of Hungary, Anastasia of Kiev. This sword, a cavalry sabre now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, appears to be the work of Hungarian goldsmiths of the ninth or tenth century.

It is an historical fact that Pope St. Leo the Great met Attila outside the walls of Rome and persuaded him to turn aside and leave the already devastated city in peace. However, according to a mediaeval Hungarian chronicle, the Pope promised Attila that if he left Rome in peace, one of his successors would receive a holy crown (which has been understood as referring to the Holy Crown of Hungary) which was in fact the crown given to St. Stephen the king (pictured above).